Epilepsy (seizure) is a group of neurological disorders characterized by epileptic seizures. Epileptic seizures are events that can change from short to near-term tremors to long-term ones. These episodes can result in bodily injuries, including occasional broken bones. In epilepsy, seizures recur and, as a rule, are not immediately the root cause. Isolated seizures that are poisoned for any particular reason do not seem to represent epilepsy. In some parts of the world, people with epilepsy get scars because of the condition.
Epilepsy is a nervous system disorder in which the brain activity becomes abnormal, leading to seizures or intermittent abnormal behaviors, sensations, and sometimes loss of consciousness.
The cause of most epilepsy cases is unknown. Some cases are caused by brain injury, stroke, brain tumors, brain infections, and birth defects, known as epilepsy. Popular genetic mutations are directly linked to a small proportion of cases. Epileptic seizures are the result of an overabundance of nerve cells and abnormal activity in the cortex of the brain. This diagnosis involves rejecting other conditions that can cause similar symptoms, such as fainting, and determining if there is another cause of the seizures, such as alcohol withdrawal or electrolyte problems. This can be done in part by brain imaging and blood tests. Epilepsy can often be confirmed by an electroencephalogram (EEG), but the usual test does not rule out this condition.
Epilepsy, which occurs as a result of other things, can be prevented. In 70 cases, seizures are controlled with medication. Cheap options are often available. In people whose seizures do not respond to medication, surgery, neurostimulation or dietary changes may be considered. Not all cases of epilepsy last a lifetime, and many people improve to the point where they no longer need treatment.
As of 2013, about 22 million people have epilepsy. About 80% of cases occur in the developing world. In 2013, it resulted in 116,000 deaths, up from 112,000 in 1990. Epilepsy is more common in the elderly. In the developed world, new cases often start in children and the elderly. In the developing world, the onset is more common in older children and younger adults due to differences in the frequency of underlying causes. About 5-10% of people will have seizures by the age of 80, and the chances of a second seizure are between 40 and 50%. In many parts of the world, people with epilepsy are either banned from driving or are not allowed to drive until they are free of seizures for a certain period of time. The word epilepsy comes from the ancient Greek: ἐπιλαμβάνειν "to seize, seize, or afflict."
Sign and Symptoms:
The most common types (60%) are seizures. One-third of these begin as normal seizures, affecting both hemispheres of the brain. Two-thirds begin as partial seizures (which affect one hemisphere of the brain) and may progress to subsequent seizures. The remaining 40% of tours are non-collective. An example of this type is the seizure of absence, which presents a low level of consciousness and usually lasts for 10 seconds.
There are certain experiences before partial seizures, called ores. These include sensory (visual, hearing, or smell), psychological, autonomous, and motor phenomena. Jacking activity can start in a specific muscle group and spread to surrounding muscle groups in what is called the Jacksonian March. There may be automatism, which is a consciously generated activity and mostly simple repetitive movements such as a smile on the lips or attempts to lift something like more complex activities.
There are generally six main types of seizures: tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic, absent, and ionic seizures. All of these involve loss of consciousness and usually occur without warning.
Tonic-Clonic seizures are accompanied by limb tension followed by arching of the back which lasts for 10-30 seconds (tonic phase). Crying can be heard due to contractions in the chest muscles, followed by tremors of the limbs in harmony (clonic phase). Tonic seizures create a constant muscle mass. A person often turns blue as soon as he stops breathing. In clonic seizures, the limbs tremble in unity. Once the tremors have stopped, it may take 10-30 minutes for the person to return to normal. This period is called the "post static state" or "post static phase". There may be a decrease in bowel or bladder control during seizures. The tongue can be cut off at either the tip or the sides during the tour. Tonic - In clonic seizures, bites on the sides are more common. Tongue bites are also relatively common in psychiatric epileptic seizures.
Myoclonic seizures involve the lower extremities of the muscles in some areas or more. In the blink of an eye, only unusual seizures can be cured. The individual does not fall and returns to normal after the end. Atonic seizures cause loss of muscle activity for more than a second. It usually occurs on both sides of the body.
About 66 of the epilepsy patients have seizures that are often triggered by special events and are known as reflex seizures. People with reflex epilepsy have seizures that are caused only by specific stimuli. Common triggers include bright light and sudden noise. In some types of epilepsy, seizures occur mostly during sleep, and in other types, they occur only when they are asleep.
Gene Disorder:
Genetics is thought to be involved in the affairs of the majority, directly or indirectly. Some epilepsies are caused by a gene disorder (1-2%); Mostly due to the interaction of genes and environmental factors. Defects in each gene are very rare, with more than 200 reported. Most of the genes involved affect ion channels directly or indirectly. These include genes for ion channels, enzymes, GABA, and receptors binding to G-protein pairs.
In identical twins, if one is infected, there is a 50-60% chance that the other will be affected. In heterogeneous twins, the risk is 15%. This risk is higher in people who have generalizations rather than partial seizures. If both twins are affected, they often have the same epilepsy syndrome (70-90%). Other close relatives of an epileptic person are five times more likely to be at risk than the general population. Epilepsy occurs in 1 to 10% of people with Down syndrome and 90% of people with Angelman syndrome.
Epilepsy Psychosocial:
Epilepsy can have detrimental effects on social and psychological well-being. These effects can include social isolation, stigma, or disability. This can lead to lower academic achievement and worse employment outcomes. Learning disabilities are common in people with this condition, especially children with epilepsy. Epilepsy can also affect the families of people with the disorder.
Epilepsy patients sometimes have more diseases, depending in part on the existing epilepsy syndrome. These include depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and migraine. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder affects children with epilepsy three to five times more often than unaccompanied children. ADHD and epilepsy have significant consequences on a child's behavior, learning, and social development. Epilepsy is also more common in children with autism.
Epilepsy Differential Diagnoses:
Epilepsy can be difficult to diagnose. Numerous other conditions can present very similar signs and symptoms to seizures, including syncope, hyperventilation, migraine, narcolepsy, panic attacks, and psychogenic epileptic seizures (PNES). In particular, a short episode of Conquest may be presented in unison. Epilepsy in front of the night, often misdiagnosed like a dream, was considered parasomnia but was later diagnosed as epilepsy syndrome. Epileptic seizures can be triggered by attacks of movement disorder, paroxysmal dyskinesia. The cause of a drop attack, among many others, maybe an atonement distance.
Children may have behaviors that are easily mistaken for epileptic seizures, but this is not the case. These include breathing spells, bed wetting, night terrors, ticks, and shiver attacks. Gastroesophageal reflux can cause neonatal arching and tilting of the head in newborns, which can be mistaken for tonic-clonic seizures.
Misdiagnosis is common (in about 5 to 30% of cases). Various studies have shown that in many cases seizures, such as seizures, seems to be due to cardiovascular disease. About 20% of people seen in epilepsy clinics have PNS and 10% of people who have PNS also have epilepsy. It is often difficult to separate the two on the basis of a single seizure without an investigation.
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