Diabetes mellitus (DM), more commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which blood sugar levels are high over a long period of time. Symptoms of high blood sugar include frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased appetite. If left untreated, diabetes can lead to many complications. Severe complications can include diabetic ketoacidosis, nanoparticle hypersomnia coma, or death. Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney failure, leg ulcers, and eye damage.
Diabetes is either caused by a pancreas that does not produce enough insulin or the body's cells do not respond properly to the insulin produced. There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
Failure to produce adequate elastic insulin type 1DM results. This form was formerly called "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "adolescent diabetes." The reason is unknown.
Type 2DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond properly to insulin. As the disease progresses, insulin deficiency may increase. This form was formerly referred to as "non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (NIDDM) or "adult diabetes". The most common cause is bodyweight and not excessive exercise.
Pregnant diabetes is the third most important form and occurs when pregnant women have high blood sugar levels without a previous history of diabetes.
Prevention and treatment include maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, gaining weight, and avoiding tobacco use. It is important for people with this disease to control their blood pressure and take proper care of their feet. Type 1DM should be administered with insulin injections. Type 2DM can be treated with or without insulin. Insulin and some oral medications can lower blood sugar. Weight loss surgery for obese people is sometimes an effective procedure in people with type 2DM. Pregnant diabetes usually resolves after the baby is born.
As of 2015, an estimated 415 million people worldwide have diabetes, with type 2DM accounting for about 90% of all cases. It represents 8.3% of adult males, with equal rates in both females and males. By 2014, trends suggested that rates would continue to rise. Diabetes at least doubles the risk of early death. From 2012 to 2015, 1.5 to 5.0 million deaths occur as a result of diabetes each year, with the global economic cost of diabetes estimated at 12 612 billion in 2014. In the United States, diabetes was valued at 24 245 billion in 2012.
Types of Diabetes:
Diabetes have different types because of different causes
Type 1 Diabetes:
Also called "adolescent" diabetes because it is often diagnosed in childhood, type 1 diabetes is mostly an autoimmune disorder in which your immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas and Excludes Because of this, your body no longer makes its own insulin, so you need to inject insulin every day.
Most people with type 1 diabetes are diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but very few people develop the disease until they are in their 30s, 40s, or 50s.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by the loss of insulin-producing beta cells from Langerhans Island, which leads to insulin deficiency. This type can be further classified as immune mediation or idiocy. The majority of type 1 diabetes is of the nature of immune mediation, in which the invasion of autoimmune forces driven by T cell mediation causes damage to beta cells and thus insulin. It accounts for about 10% of diabetes mellitus in North America and Europe. Most affected people are otherwise healthy and at a healthy weight when it starts. Sensitivity and reactions to insulin are common, especially in the early stages. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was traditionally called "teenage diabetes" because most cases of diabetes occur in children.
"Brettle" diabetes, also called unstable diabetes or labeled diabetes is a term traditionally used to describe dramatic and recurrent fluctuations in glucose levels, often in insulin-dependent diabetes. There is no obvious reason. However, the term has no biological basis and should not be used. However, with type 1 diabetes there can be irregular and unexpected high blood sugar levels, often with ketosis and sometimes severe blood sugar levels. Other complications include low blood sugar, infection, gastroparesis (which is caused by the absorption of dietary carbohydrates), and a poor response to endocrinopathy (such as Edison's disease). These phenomena are thought to be more common in people with type 1 to 2 diabetes than those with type 1 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is partly inherited, involving several genes, including some HLA gene types, which are known to affect the risk of diabetes. The increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes reflects a modern lifestyle. In genetically sensitive individuals, diabetes can be triggered by one or more environmental factors, such as a viral infection or diet. Numerous viruses have been implicated, but to date, no hard evidence has been found in humans to support this hypothesis. Of the dietary factors, the data suggest that gladiolus (a protein in gluten) may play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes, but the mechanism is not fully understood.
Type 2 Diabetes:
People with type 2 make their own insulin, but their bodies do not use it much better. They are resistant to insulin.
Type 2, also called "adult-onset", is the most common form of diabetes. Between 90 percent and 95 percent of all people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes. It usually develops in middle age but is sometimes seen in older children or adolescents.
Most people with type 2 do not need to take insulin, but they may need other medications to help lower their blood sugar.
If someone's blood sugar is higher than normal, but to diagnose diabetes. Not so much, which is a predictable disease.
Patients with urinary incontinence have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Exercise and dietary changes are often recommended to lower blood sugar and reduce risk. In some cases, the doctor may also prescribe metformin, blood-sugar-lowering drugs, to help prevent type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus has insulin resistance properties, which can be combined with relatively low insulin secretion. Insulin receptors are thought to be involved in the body's defective response to insulin. However, specific defects are not known. Diabetic patients are categorized according to the known defect. Type 2Diabetese Mellitus is the most common type of diabetes mellitus.
In the early stages of type 2, insulin sensitivity is abnormally reduced. At this stage, high blood sugar can be replaced by a number of measures and medications that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce liver glucose production.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is mainly caused by lifestyle factors and genetics. Numerous lifestyle factors are important for the development of type 2DM, including obesity (defined by a body mass index of more than 30), lack of physical activity, dietary nutrition, stress, and obesity. Are Excess body fat is associated with 30% of cases of Chinese and Japanese descent, 60-80% of cases of European and African descent, and 100% of cases of Indian and Pacific islanders. Even people who are not obese often have a high waist-hip ratio.
Nutritional factors also affect the risk of developing type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Consumption of high sugar sugary drinks is associated with an increased risk. The type of fat in the diet is also important, the risk is increased by saturated fats and trans-fatty acids, and polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats reduce the risk. Eating too much white rice can also increase your risk of diabetes. Lack of exercise is thought to cause 7% of cases.
Other types of Diabetes:
Prediabetes refers to a condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose level is higher than normal but not high enough to diagnose type 2DM. Many people who develop type 2DM have had diabetes for many years.
Late autoimmune diabetes (LADA) in adults is a condition in which type 1 DM develops in adults. Adults with LEDA are initially diagnosed with incorrect type 2DM, based on age, etiology.
Some cases of diabetes are caused by the body's tissue receptors not responding to insulin (even when insulin levels are normal, which differentiates it from type 2 diabetes). This form is very unusual. Genetic mutations (autosomal or mitochondrial) can cause defects in beta cell function. In some cases, the action of abnormal insulin can be genetically determined. Any disease that causes extensive damage to the pancreas can lead to diabetes (for example, chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis). Excessive secretion of anti-insulin hormones can lead to diabetes (which usually resolves when the hormone overdose is over). Many drugs deplete insulin secretion and some toxins damage the pancreatic beta cells. ICD-10 (1992) Diagnostic entity, malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus (MRDM or MMDM, ICD-10 code E12) was obsolete by the World Health Organization when the current taxonomy was introduced in 1999.
Other types of diabetes mellitus include congenital diabetes, which is caused by genetic defects in insulin secretion, cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, steroid diabetes with high doses of glucocorticoids, and a variety of metastatic diabetes.
"Type 3 diabetes" has been suggested as a term for Alzheimer's disease because the underlying brain can resist insulin.
Diagnose of Diabetes:
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent high blood sugar and is diagnosed by demonstrating one of the following
Fast plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mm / L (126 mg / dL)
Plasma glucose.1 11.1 mm / L (200 mg / dL) 75 g Two hours after oral glucose load as in glucose tolerance test
Symptoms of high blood sugar and comfortable plasma glucose.1 11.1 mm / L (200 mg / dL)
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) mm 48 mm / mol (.5 6.5 DCCT).
In the absence of good blood sugar, a positive result should be confirmed another day by repeating one of the above methods. It is better to measure glucose levels during fasting because of the ease of measurement and the considerable amount of time involved in a formal glucose tolerance test, which takes two hours to complete and does not offer any predictions in the fasting test. According to the current definition, a two-day glucose measurement above 126 mg / dL (7.0 mm / L) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.
According to the World Health Organization, fasting people with glucose levels of 6.1 to 6.9 mm / L (110 to 125 mg / dL) are considered to be glucose deficient in fasting. Individuals with plasma glucose at 7.8 mm / L (140 mg / dL) or higher, but not more than 11.1 mm / L (200 mg / dL), two hours after an oral glucose load of 75 g Glucose tolerance is considered bad. In these two prophylactic states, the latter, in particular, is at greater risk of developing advanced diabetes mellitus, as well as cardiovascular disease. Since 2003, the American Diabetes Association has used a slightly different range for poor fasting glucose from 5.6 to 6.9 mm / L (100 to 125 mg / dL).
Glycated hemoglobin is better than fasting glucose to determine the risk of heart disease and death for any reason.
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